from sklearn.datasets import make_moons, make_circles
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
%matplotlib inline

Training data

Sample data of cocentric circles. scikit has a fair few such datasets. This is going to be a classification problem so the points will belong to either class 1 or class 2 here so y vector contains 0s and 1s to signify which class the data belong to.

X,y = make_circles(n_samples=100000, noise=0.2, factor=0.5, random_state=1)

Visualise the training data 

cm = plt.cm.RdBu
cm_bright = ListedColormap(['#FF0000', '#0000FF'])

ax = plt.subplot()
ax.scatter(X[:100, 0], X[:100, 1], c=y[:100], cmap=cm_bright,edgecolors='k')

<matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x2aca06acec88>

Neural Network 

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras

Use Tensorflow sequentail API to build the neural network. It is worth experimenting here and working out what is the minimum number of dimensions required in the hidden layer to be able to separate these data. I have added an extra linear layer with 2 nodes to visualise how the input datapoints have been transformed. This extra layer does not really have any impact on the neural network performance.

model = keras.models.Sequential()
model.add(keras.layers.InputLayer(2))
model.add(keras.layers.Dense(6,activation="relu"))
model.add(keras.layers.Dense(2,activation="linear"))
model.add(keras.layers.Dense(1,activation="sigmoid"))

Compile the model using binary cross entropy loss because it is a two class problem.

model.compile(
    optimizer=keras.optimizers.RMSprop(),  # Optimizer
    # Loss function to minimize
    loss=keras.losses.BinaryCrossentropy(),
    # List of metrics to monitor
    metrics=[keras.metrics.BinaryAccuracy()],
)

print("Fit model on training data")
history = model.fit(
    X,
    y,
    batch_size=32,
    epochs=5,
    validation_split=0.2,
)

Fit model on training data
Epoch 1/5
2500/2500 [==============================] - 3s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4813 - binary_accuracy: 0.7551 - val_loss: 0.2862 - val_binary_accuracy: 0.8785
Epoch 2/5
2500/2500 [==============================] - 3s 1ms/step - loss: 0.2676 - binary_accuracy: 0.8877 - val_loss: 0.2657 - val_binary_accuracy: 0.8853
Epoch 3/5
2500/2500 [==============================] - 2s 952us/step - loss: 0.2619 - binary_accuracy: 0.8890 - val_loss: 0.2646 - val_binary_accuracy: 0.8877
Epoch 4/5
2500/2500 [==============================] - 2s 952us/step - loss: 0.2613 - binary_accuracy: 0.8889 - val_loss: 0.2645 - val_binary_accuracy: 0.8870
Epoch 5/5
2500/2500 [==============================] - 2s 947us/step - loss: 0.2611 - binary_accuracy: 0.8899 - val_loss: 0.2672 - val_binary_accuracy: 0.8868

Visualise the data transformation

Create a new dataset for visualising how the neural network transforms.

X_test,y_test = make_circles(n_samples=100, noise=0.2, factor=0.5, random_state=1)

Keras provides an API for getting individual layer outputs for feature inspections

extractor = keras.Model(inputs=model.inputs,
                        outputs=[layer.output for layer in model.layers])
features = extractor(X_test)
# print(features[0].shape, features[1].shape, features[2].shape)

Visualise the hidden layer that's doing all the work.

# fig = plt.figure()
# ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
# ax.scatter(features[0][:, 0], features[0][:, 1], features[0][:,2], cmap=cm_bright,edgecolors='k')
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(14,8))
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(131)
ax1.scatter(features[0][:,0], features[0][:,1], c=y_test, cmap=cm_bright, edgecolors='k')
ax2 = fig.add_subplot(132)
ax2.scatter(features[0][:,2], features[0][:,3], c=y_test, cmap=cm_bright, edgecolors='k')
ax3 = fig.add_subplot(133)
ax3.scatter(features[0][:,0], features[0][:,5], c=y_test, cmap=cm_bright, edgecolors='k')

<matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x2aca947360b8>

Visualise the linear layer to see how the data have been transformed for classification

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(14,8))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax.scatter(features[1][:, 0], features[1][:, 1], c=y_test, cmap=cm_bright,edgecolors='k')

<matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x2aca94b97f98>

We can see the data have been transformed such that they are easily separable for binary classification

from scipy.interpolate import CubicSpline
import numpy as np

x_ = np.vstack((X_test[:,0], features[0].numpy()[:,0], features[1].numpy()[:,0]))
print(x_.shape)
# for i in range(len(X_test)):
#     print(X_test[i,0], features[0].numpy()[i,0], features[1].numpy()[i,0])
#     x_ = np.concatenate(X_test[i,0], features[0].numpy()[i,0], features[1].numpy()[i,0])
#     print(x_)

(3, 100)